Component recipes vs. raw tokens

A design token answers one question: what is the value? interactive-primary is a color, space-5 is a length, speed-2 is a duration. Tokens are the smallest unit of design decision the system versions, and everything above them resolves by reference. But a working interface element is not a bag of values. A button is markup, a set of state styles, a focus behavior, an accessibility contract, and a handful of usage rules about when each variant is appropriate — and none of that lives in a token.

The PointSav Design System's answer to that gap is the component recipe: a single machine-readable JSON artifact per component that composes token references into a working element. This article explains what the recipe tier adds beyond raw token values, using the shipped Button recipe as the worked example, and describes the registry's actual documentation state rather than an idealized one.

What a raw token gives you — and where it stops

A token in the system's DTCG-format bundle carries a value, a type, and a description that records the decision's rationale. That is enough for the problems tokens solve: one source of truth per value, theme-level substitution, and drift-free reuse. It is not enough to build with. A developer holding interactive-primary still has to decide what element to render, which states to style, how hover and pressed relate to the base color, what the focus ring does, and what the disabled state looks like. Every consumer who makes those decisions independently reintroduces exactly the divergence tokens were meant to remove — one tier up.

The recipe format

The Button recipe demonstrates the shape. It is a JSON document declaring a schema, an identity (name, display_name, a one-sentence description, a category, a registry type), and then the substance:

Variants as named decisions. Each variant — primary, secondary, ghost, critical — carries its own description, its HTML template, its CSS class, and the list of tokens it consumes. The descriptions are usage rules, not captions: primary is "the most prominent action on a surface. One per surface"; critical is "destructive action. Always paired with a confirmation step." The rule ships inside the data, where a code generator or a reviewing agent reads it, rather than only in prose a human may not open.

Markup with slots. Each variant's html field is a template — a native <button type="button"> with a {{label}} slot — so consumers inherit the correct element and structure rather than reconstructing it.

Token references, not values. A variant's tokens array lists semantic references: {semantic.interactive-primary}, {semantic.interactive-primary-hover}, {semantic.ink-on-interactive}. The recipe never hardcodes a color. In the CSS these resolve as custom properties with fallbacks (var(--ps-interactive-primary, #234ed8)), so the component re-themes when the token graph re-themes.

The complete CSS. The recipe carries the full base-plus-variant rules, including the states a value-only view omits: hover, active, disabled, and :focus-visible with a 2-pixel ring and 2-pixel offset.

The accessibility contract. An aria field states screen-reader guidance in prose — native button role, aria-label for icon-only use, and the rule that destructive actions must not be one click from completion. A structured wcag block declares the target (2.2 AAA), focus visibility, the text-contrast floor (at least 7:1 for the primary variant), and the 44-by-44 minimum touch target.

Provenance links. research_links points at the design-rationale documents behind the component, and registry_dependencies declares what other registry entries the component needs — for Button, none.

The distinction from a raw token is now concrete: the token tier says what interactive-primary is; the recipe tier says what a button is — and everything it says resolves back to tokens by reference, so the two tiers cannot disagree about a value.

Two documentation tiers, one registry

The registry currently holds 37 components, and they are not uniformly documented. Twenty carry the full five-file set — the recipe plus four human-facing documents covering usage, style, code, and accessibility. Seventeen carry a recipe.json only. The components reference presents the split honestly, as two labeled groups, rather than presenting 37 uniformly finished entries.

Correction (2026-08-02): 2 of these 3 numbers are stale. The real registry (dtcg-vault/components/) currently holds 49 components, not 37 — the "20 with the full five-file set" figure is still correct, but the recipe-only count is 29, not 17. Notably, pointsav-design-system's own commit history shows an earlier internal correction from "17 generic" down to "8" — this article's "17" doesn't match either that corrected figure or the current real count. Flagged, not resolved.

The two-tier state is a fact about sequencing, and the recipe's role in it is the point: the recipe is the floor. A recipe-only component is already machine-consumable — its markup, tokens, CSS, and WCAG block exist — while its human-facing documentation is still owed. The inverse (prose documentation with no data artifact) is not a state the registry permits.

Prior art: the component tier is well established

Naming a component tier above semantic tokens is standard practice across the major published design systems, and this article makes no novelty claim for it. Google's Material Design 3 documents three token classes — reference, system, and component — where a component token such as md.comp.fab.container.color resolves to a system token such as md.sys.color.primary-container. IBM's Carbon documents the equivalent global/alias/component structure and scopes component tokens to their own component. The pattern is the shared inheritance of hyperscaler design systems, not a PointSav idea.

What the recipe format does with that established tier is pack more of the component's contract into the one data artifact: where a component token is still a value assignment, a recipe additionally carries the markup, the complete CSS, the ARIA guidance, and the WCAG targets. That is an integration choice — one artifact instead of several — and its merit is practical, not conceptual: a consumer, human or machine, gets the whole buildable component from a single fetch.

Licensing: two artifacts, two licenses

Precision is required here because the recipe and this article are licensed differently. The recipe data — button/recipe.json and every other recipe and DTCG token file in the pointsav-design-system repository — is licensed Apache-2.0, the same convention IBM Carbon and Adobe Spectrum use for their design-system code and data. The text of this article is published in the documentation wiki under CC BY 4.0. Copying a recipe into your own registry is an Apache-2.0 matter; republishing this article's prose is a CC BY 4.0 matter. A sentence about "the license" of the design system must say which of the two it means; this one has.

Scope and honest limits

The worked example is one component, and the registry census is a snapshot dated to this article's writing — the 37/20/17 split will change as recipe-only components gain their documentation sets. An earlier draft of this article flagged a description/variants-array mismatch in the shipped Button recipe (the description once named a fifth "link" variant not present in the variants array); that mismatch has since been corrected at the source (dtcg-vault/components/button/recipe.json now describes four variants and explains the prior miscount), verified directly against the file before publication — no open inconsistency remains. The recipe schema is versioned (component-recipe-v1), and nothing in this article should be read as a compatibility promise for future schema versions.

This article is background for readers of the PointSav Design System documentation, ahead of the per-component reference pages. See also: the primitive vocabulary article for the token naming scheme recipes resolve against, and the wiki component library article for how a set of these components composes a complete page.