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--- ---
schema: foundry-doc-v1 schema: foundry-doc-v1
title: "Yo-yo #1 nightly LoRA training pipeline" title: "Yo-yo #1 nightly LoRA training pipeline"
slug: yo-yo-lora-training-pipeline slug: yo-yo-lora-training-pipeline
category: substrate category: substrate
type: topic type: topic
quality: complete quality: complete
short_description: "The nightly two-phase pipeline on Yo-Yo #1: Phase 1 runs entity extraction for the business DataGraph; Phase 2 trains a LoRA adapter against engineering and apprenticeship corpora using QLoRA on a single L4 GPU." short_description: "The nightly two-phase pipeline on Yo-Yo #1: Phase 1 runs entity extraction for the business DataGraph; Phase 2 trains a LoRA adapter against engineering and apprenticeship corpora using QLoRA on a single L4 GPU."
status: active status: active
bcsc_class: public-disclosure-safe bcsc_class: public-disclosure-safe
last_edited: 2026-05-15 last_edited: 2026-05-15
editor: pointsav-engineering editor: pointsav-engineering
cites: [] cites: []
references: references:
- id: 1 - id: 1
text: "Dettmers, T. et al. 'QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs.' NeurIPS, 2023." text: "Dettmers, T. et al. 'QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs.' NeurIPS, 2023."
url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14314" url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14314"
- id: 2 - id: 2
text: "Hu, E. et al. 'LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.' ICLR, 2022." text: "Hu, E. et al. 'LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.' ICLR, 2022."
url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685" url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685"
- id: 3 - id: 3
text: "Rafailov, R. et al. 'Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model.' NeurIPS, 2023." text: "Rafailov, R. et al. 'Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model.' NeurIPS, 2023."
url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18290" url: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18290"
paired_with: yo-yo-lora-training-pipeline.es.md paired_with: yo-yo-lora-training-pipeline.es.md
--- ---
Yo-Yo #1 is a g2-standard-4 Google Cloud spot instance equipped with a Yo-Yo #1 is a g2-standard-4 Google Cloud spot instance equipped with a
single NVIDIA L4 GPU (24 GB VRAM). On each nightly run, it executes a single NVIDIA L4 GPU (24 GB VRAM). On each nightly run, it executes a
two-phase, four-hour pipeline that produces fine-tuned adapter weights for two-phase, four-hour pipeline that produces fine-tuned adapter weights for
the workspace language model. Phase 1 extracts structured business entities the workspace language model. Phase 1 extracts structured business entities
from the deployment data corpus and writes them to a property graph. Phase 2 from the deployment data corpus and writes them to a property graph. Phase 2
reads accumulated engineering and apprenticeship training tuples, checks reads accumulated engineering and apprenticeship training tuples, checks
whether the corpus has crossed a minimum threshold, and runs a whether the corpus has crossed a minimum threshold, and runs a
parameter-efficient training pass against the base model. The two phases parameter-efficient training pass against the base model. The two phases
are mandatory and sequential — they cannot overlap because both require are mandatory and sequential — they cannot overlap because both require
exclusive access to the L4 GPU. exclusive access to the L4 GPU.
## Why the Phases Are Separate ## Why the Phases Are Separate
The L4 GPU serves two incompatible workloads within the nightly window. The L4 GPU serves two incompatible workloads within the nightly window.
During Phase 1, vLLM loads OLMo 3 32B Think (4-bit quantised) to run During Phase 1, vLLM loads OLMo 3 32B Think (4-bit quantised) to run
entity extraction inference. During Phase 2, the QLoRA training loop loads entity extraction inference. During Phase 2, the QLoRA training loop loads
OLMo 3 7B Think safetensors for gradient computation. A GPU cannot serve OLMo 3 7B Think safetensors for gradient computation. A GPU cannot serve
an active vLLM inference process and a PyTorch training loop simultaneously an active vLLM inference process and a PyTorch training loop simultaneously
— memory addresses conflict and context switching between CUDA kernels at — memory addresses conflict and context switching between CUDA kernels at
this scale is not supported. `nightly-run.sh` enforces the boundary this scale is not supported. `nightly-run.sh` enforces the boundary
explicitly: Phase 1 ends with `stop-yoyo.sh`, which drains the vLLM explicitly: Phase 1 ends with `stop-yoyo.sh`, which drains the vLLM
process and frees the GPU before Phase 2 begins. Each phase has a process and frees the GPU before Phase 2 begins. Each phase has a
configurable budget, defaulting to 7200 seconds. configurable budget, defaulting to 7200 seconds.
## Phase 1 — DataGraph Rebuild ## Phase 1 — DataGraph Rebuild
At the start of the nightly window, `start-yoyo.sh` boots the Yo-Yo #1 At the start of the nightly window, `start-yoyo.sh` boots the Yo-Yo #1
VM and waits up to 90 minutes for vLLM to signal readiness. Once the VM and waits up to 90 minutes for vLLM to signal readiness. Once the
inference server is live, `nightly-datagraph-rebuild.sh` processes three inference server is live, `nightly-datagraph-rebuild.sh` processes three
document streams from the deployment: meeting transcript markdown files, document streams from the deployment: meeting transcript markdown files,
agent research YAML and markdown files, and contact source JSON records. For each document, the script calls agent research YAML and markdown files, and contact source JSON records. For each document, the script calls
`POST :9080/v1/chat/completions` through the Doorman, which routes the `POST :9080/v1/chat/completions` through the Doorman, which routes the
payload to the 32B Think model on the Yo-Yo VM. The model returns a payload to the 32B Think model on the Yo-Yo VM. The model returns a
structured JSON array of named entities — people, companies, projects, structured JSON array of named entities — people, companies, projects,
accounts, and locations — constrained by a JSON Schema grammar so the accounts, and locations — constrained by a JSON Schema grammar so the
output is machine-parseable without post-processing. The script then calls output is machine-parseable without post-processing. The script then calls
`POST :9081/v1/graph/mutate` on service-content to write those entities `POST :9081/v1/graph/mutate` on service-content to write those entities
into LadybugDB. A local ledger of processed document hashes ensures each into LadybugDB. A local ledger of processed document hashes ensures each
document is processed exactly once across multiple nightly runs. document is processed exactly once across multiple nightly runs.
At the end of Phase 1, vLLM stops and the GPU is released. At the end of Phase 1, vLLM stops and the GPU is released.
## Phase 2 — Adapter Training ## Phase 2 — Adapter Training
`corpus-threshold.py` runs at the start of Phase 2. It counts JSONL tuples `corpus-threshold.py` runs at the start of Phase 2. It counts JSONL tuples
in two corpus buckets — `engineering-pointsav` (SFT tuples drawn from in two corpus buckets — `engineering-pointsav` (SFT tuples drawn from
cross-cluster engineering commits) and `apprenticeship-pointsav` (DPO pairs cross-cluster engineering commits) and `apprenticeship-pointsav` (DPO pairs
drawn from the apprenticeship routing substrate). When either bucket reaches drawn from the apprenticeship routing substrate). When either bucket reaches
50 tuples, the script writes a training-pending marker file and, if the 50 tuples, the script writes a training-pending marker file and, if the
`SLM_YOYO_WEIGHTS_GCS_BUCKET` environment variable is set, syncs the `SLM_YOYO_WEIGHTS_GCS_BUCKET` environment variable is set, syncs the
relevant corpus directory to the configured GCS bucket. relevant corpus directory to the configured GCS bucket.
On the Yo-Yo VM, `lora-training.sh` polls the training-pending directory On the Yo-Yo VM, `lora-training.sh` polls the training-pending directory
every 30 seconds. When a marker appears, it claims the marker with an every 30 seconds. When a marker appears, it claims the marker with an
atomic rename (appending `.claimed`), pulls the corpus from GCS, and runs atomic rename (appending `.claimed`), pulls the corpus from GCS, and runs
QLoRA using the peft, bitsandbytes, and trl libraries. QLoRA using the peft, bitsandbytes, and trl libraries.
## What QLoRA Is ## What QLoRA Is
QLoRA (Quantised Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning QLoRA (Quantised Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning
method that loads a base model in 4-bit NF4 quantisation and trains a small method that loads a base model in 4-bit NF4 quantisation and trains a small
set of additional weight matrices — called an adapter — rather than updating set of additional weight matrices — called an adapter — rather than updating
the full model. [^1] For a 7B-parameter model like OLMo 3 7B Think, 4-bit the full model. [^1] For a 7B-parameter model like OLMo 3 7B Think, 4-bit
quantisation reduces the GPU footprint from roughly 14 GB (in bfloat16) to quantisation reduces the GPU footprint from roughly 14 GB (in bfloat16) to
approximately 6 GB, leaving adequate headroom on the 24 GB L4 for the approximately 6 GB, leaving adequate headroom on the 24 GB L4 for the
training loop itself. The adapter targets seven linear projection layers: training loop itself. The adapter targets seven linear projection layers:
`q_proj`, `v_proj`, `k_proj`, `o_proj`, `gate_proj`, `up_proj`, and `q_proj`, `v_proj`, `k_proj`, `o_proj`, `gate_proj`, `up_proj`, and
`down_proj`. Training runs for two epochs with rank 16 (`r=16`), alpha 32 `down_proj`. Training runs for two epochs with rank 16 (`r=16`), alpha 32
(`lora_alpha=32`), a maximum sequence length of 512 tokens, and gradient (`lora_alpha=32`), a maximum sequence length of 512 tokens, and gradient
checkpointing enabled to manage activation memory. [^2] checkpointing enabled to manage activation memory. [^2]
The training configuration is intentionally conservative. The goal is to The training configuration is intentionally conservative. The goal is to
shift the base model toward the vocabulary, formatting patterns, and shift the base model toward the vocabulary, formatting patterns, and
structural conventions that appear in the engineering and apprenticeship structural conventions that appear in the engineering and apprenticeship
corpora — not to retrain the model on a general task. Two epochs over corpora — not to retrain the model on a general task. Two epochs over
hundreds of tuples is sufficient for this narrow shift. hundreds of tuples is sufficient for this narrow shift.
## The Two Corpus Streams ## The Two Corpus Streams
**Engineering tuples** are SFT (supervised fine-tuning) pairs drawn from **Engineering tuples** are SFT (supervised fine-tuning) pairs drawn from
actual commit diffs, commit messages, and review briefs across all clusters actual commit diffs, commit messages, and review briefs across all clusters
in the workspace. They teach the model the precise technical vocabulary and in the workspace. They teach the model the precise technical vocabulary and
structural patterns used in the engineering workflow: how diffs are structural patterns used in the engineering workflow: how diffs are
described, how review comments are phrased, and how implementation decisions described, how review comments are phrased, and how implementation decisions
are documented. are documented.
**Apprenticeship tuples** are DPO (direct preference optimisation) pairs **Apprenticeship tuples** are DPO (direct preference optimisation) pairs
produced by the apprenticeship routing substrate. Each pair consists of a produced by the apprenticeship routing substrate. Each pair consists of a
shadow response (the model's unguided output) and a verdict response (the shadow response (the model's unguided output) and a verdict response (the
preferred formulation confirmed by the operator). DPO training on these preferred formulation confirmed by the operator). DPO training on these
pairs moves the model toward the preferred response distribution without pairs moves the model toward the preferred response distribution without
requiring explicit labels for every token. [^3] requiring explicit labels for every token. [^3]
## Adapter Output and Publication ## Adapter Output and Publication
When training completes, the adapter is saved to When training completes, the adapter is saved to
`/data/weights/adapters/<tenant>/<role>/v<N>/` on the Yo-Yo VM. The adapter `/data/weights/adapters/<tenant>/<role>/v<N>/` on the Yo-Yo VM. The adapter
directory contains the LoRA weight files and tokenizer configuration — total directory contains the LoRA weight files and tokenizer configuration — total
size is typically 1 to 3 GB. `lora-training.sh` then signals size is typically 1 to 3 GB. `lora-training.sh` then signals
`adapter-publish.service`, which uploads the adapter directory to the `adapter-publish.service`, which uploads the adapter directory to the
configured GCS bucket. The adapter is subsequently available to the configured GCS bucket. The adapter is subsequently available to the
workspace Doorman for loading as an inference-time weight overlay on the workspace Doorman for loading as an inference-time weight overlay on the
base model. The marker file is renamed to `.completed` when all steps base model. The marker file is renamed to `.completed` when all steps
succeed. succeed.
## Adapter Training Versus Continued Pre-Training ## Adapter Training Versus Continued Pre-Training
The nightly LoRA process is adapter training. It produces a weight delta — The nightly LoRA process is adapter training. It produces a weight delta —
a few gigabytes of parameters — that the base model loads at inference time. a few gigabytes of parameters — that the base model loads at inference time.
It runs in approximately two hours on a single L4 GPU and operates over It runs in approximately two hours on a single L4 GPU and operates over
hundreds to low thousands of training tuples. The base model itself is not hundreds to low thousands of training tuples. The base model itself is not
modified. modified.
Continued pre-training (CPT) is a distinct operation at a fundamentally Continued pre-training (CPT) is a distinct operation at a fundamentally
different scale. CPT would produce a new base model checkpoint by training different scale. CPT would produce a new base model checkpoint by training
on 50 to 100 billion tokens across 8 to 32 H100-class GPUs for one to four on 50 to 100 billion tokens across 8 to 32 H100-class GPUs for one to four
weeks. The cost per CPT cycle runs to tens of thousands of dollars. CPT is weeks. The cost per CPT cycle runs to tens of thousands of dollars. CPT is
operator-triggered, never automated, and never scheduled as part of the operator-triggered, never automated, and never scheduled as part of the
nightly pipeline. The first-cut CPT target is Q1 2027, contingent on nightly pipeline. The first-cut CPT target is Q1 2027, contingent on
corpus volume and operator decision. Until that decision is made, all corpus volume and operator decision. Until that decision is made, all
nightly training is adapter-only. nightly training is adapter-only.
## Current Status ## Current Status
The nightly pipeline code is complete. The workspace language model service The nightly pipeline code is complete. The workspace language model service
passes 177 of 177 tests. The Packer image rebuild that bakes the training passes 177 of 177 tests. The Packer image rebuild that bakes the training
Python stack (peft, bitsandbytes, trl) into the Yo-Yo VM is the next Python stack (peft, bitsandbytes, trl) into the Yo-Yo VM is the next
intended operator action. Once that image is deployed, `lora-training.service` intended operator action. Once that image is deployed, `lora-training.service`
on the Yo-Yo VM is intended to be enabled with on the Yo-Yo VM is intended to be enabled with
`systemctl enable --now lora-training.service`. Until the image is rebuilt, `systemctl enable --now lora-training.service`. Until the image is rebuilt,
the training phase runs in marker-only mode: `corpus-threshold.py` writes the training phase runs in marker-only mode: `corpus-threshold.py` writes
and dispatches the GCS marker, but `lora-training.sh` is not yet active and dispatches the GCS marker, but `lora-training.sh` is not yet active
on the runtime VM image. on the runtime VM image.